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抗病毒药物应在医生指导下使用******

　　本报记者 申少铁

　　治疗新冠病毒感染的抗病毒药物效果如何？不规范使用是否有风险？如何科学合理使用？国家卫健委组织专家进行解答。

　　“治疗病毒感染没有特效药。”首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院副院长、北京市呼吸疾病研究所所长童朝晖说，不仅是新冠病毒，从非典到禽流感，再到中东呼吸综合征、H7N9等病毒感染都没有特效药。使用抗病毒药物治疗新冠病毒感染，如小分子药物等，只是临床治疗的一个手段，不能起到救命的效果。

　　“抗病毒药物在感染后5天内使用有效，在2天内使用效果好。”童朝晖表示，抗病毒药物能够抑制病毒复制。病毒进入人体就开始复制，当病毒量还没有很大的时候使用抗病毒药物，可以降低病毒载量，减轻对人体免疫系统的攻击，再通过人体自身免疫力的作用，阻止病情向重症、危重症方向发展。“如果病情已经发展到了重症、危重症，再使用抗病毒药物，就没有效果了。”

　　童朝晖说，世界卫生组织有条件推荐抗病毒药物治疗新冠病毒感染。推荐高龄、有基础疾病等脆弱人群在感染后症状处在轻型和普通型阶段使用，因为这类群体感染后向重症发展的风险较高，使用抗病毒药物后可以降低重症率。青壮年等没有重症风险的人群使用抗病毒药物无效。

　　“是药三分毒。抗病毒药物应该在医生的指导下使用。”北京大学第一医院感染科主任王贵强说，这类药物不规范使用会有一定的副作用，可能会与患者平时使用的其他药物产生相互作用。肝肾功能严重损害的患者要调整剂量，甚至不能服用，以免造成肝肾衰竭。使用药物前一定要仔细看说明书，在医生甚至专科医生的指导下使用。

　　童朝晖提醒，有些年轻人给老人买了抗病毒药物备用。一旦老人感染，自己服药，不注意看说明书，也没有医生的专业指导，可能会出现用药安全风险。

　　“没有必要抢购丙种球蛋白。”王贵强说，第九版诊疗方案推荐静脉用丙种球蛋白治疗新冠重症引起的炎症。重症、危重症患者出现炎症因子风暴等情况，使用丙种球蛋白才有效果。丙种球蛋白没有预防感染的作用，不适合在家里使用。(人民日报)

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）